भा.कृ.अ.प. - भारतीय कृषि अनुसंधान संस्थान | ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute | हिन्दी |
भा.कृ.अ.प. - भारतीय कृषि अनुसंधान संस्थान | ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute | हिन्दी |
|
Improved Varieties and Hybrids The Division has the distinction of developing mango hybrids for export purpose. Salient features of these hybrids are summarized below: |
|
|
Mango |
|
|
Pusa Deepshikha |
Pusa Deepshikha: It is a hybrid of ‘Amrapali’ x ‘Sensation’ having regularity in bearing and uniform sized fruits. Fruits are oblong in shape, bright red peel with orange-yellow pulp, moderate TSS (18.67%), high pulp content (70%) and ascorbic acid content (35.34 mg/100 g pulp), β-carotene content (9.48 mg per kg pulp), good shelf-life (7 to 8 days) at room temperature. It is semi-dwarf and suitable for medium density planting (6 m x 6 m).On per tree basis, it yields 50.33 kg (~10 year- old trees) with estimated yield of 14 t/ha. |
|
Pusa Manohari |
Pusa Manohari: Regular bearing a hybrid of Amrapali x Lal Sundari having field tolerance to mango malformation (10-15%). Trees are semi-vigorous and suitable for medium density planting (6 m x 6 m). Medium sized (223 g) fruits having greenish-yellow peel with red tinge on shoulders, yellowish-orange pulp, fibreless, good TSS (20.38%), acidity (0.27%), ascorbic acid (39.78 mg/100 g pulp) and β-carotene content (9.73 mg per kg pulp). On year per tree basis yield is of 58 kg (~10-year-old trees) with estimated yield of 16.1 t/ha. |
|
Pusa Arunima |
Pusa Arunima: It is a hybrid, derived from the cross between Amrapali and Sensation. The plants are semi-vigorous and are suitable for closer planting (6 m x 6 m). It is a regular bearer and starts bearing after 4th year of planting. It ripens late in the season and its fruits are ready for harvestby 1st week of August. The fruits size is medium (250 g) having attractive red peel colour. It has medium TSS (19.56%) and is rich in vitamin C (43.6 mg/100 g pup) and β- carotene content, and has a good flavour with very good shelf-life (10 to 12 days) at room temperature after ripening. It is suitable for domestic market. It can also be accepted in the international markets, because of its attractive red peel colour, fibreless pulp, mild flavour, medium TSS, excellent sugar: acid blend and long shelf-life. It was released in 2002. |
|
Pusa Surya |
Pusa Surya: It is a regular bearer variety and plants are semi-vigorous. Therefore, it is suitable for closer planting (6 m x 6 m). It is less susceptible to mango malformation in comparison to Amrapali and other commercial cultivars of northern India. It ripens by 3rd week of July. The fruit is medium to large in size (270 g) with attractive apricot yellow peel colour and medium TSS (18.5%). It is rich in vitamin C (42.6 mg/100 g pulp) and Beta carotene content. It has good shelf life (8-10 days) at room temperature after ripening. It is suitable for domestic and international markets. It was released in 2002. |
|
Pusa Pratibha |
Pusa Pratibha: It is a hybrid of Amrapali x Sensation, regular in bearing, attractive fruit shape, bright red peel and orange pulp. The red peel colour on golden yellow background makes it very appealing to the buyers. It has oblong shape, uniform sized fruits. It meets all the requirements for the domestic as well as international markets. It has 7 to 8 days shelf- life at room temperature after ripening, which is twice as much commercial mango varieties grown in the north India, i.e.Dushehari. The plants are semi-vigorous and about 278 plants of this hybrid may be accommodated in a hectare (6 m x 6 m) as against 100 plants of Dushehari (10 m x 10 m). Therefore, it will give higher productivity per unit area. On per plant basis, it yields about 3.0 times higher than Dushehari, which includes ‘On’ and ‘Off’ year fruiting. It has good sugar: acid blend and above all uniformity in fruit size, which is lacking in Amrapali. It was released in 2012 |
|
Pusa Shreshtha |
Pusa Shreshtha: It is a hybrid of Amrapali x Sensation, regular in bearing, attractive elongated shape, red peel and orange pulp. Due to its elongated shape, it is quite suitable for uniform packaging. It meets all the requirements for the domestic as well as international markets. It has 7 to 8 days shelf-life at room temperature after ripening, which is almost double the time for commercial mango varieties grown in the north India, i.e.Dushehari. Furthermore, being semi-vigorous in stature around 278 plants of this hybrid may be accommodated in a hectare (6 m x 6 m) as against 100 plants of Dushehari (10 m x 10 m). It gives higher productivity per unit area. On per plant basis, it yields higher than Dushehari, which includes ‘On’ and ‘Off’ year fruiting. Being a hybrid evolved using Amrapali as female parent and Sensation as male parent. It has all the desirable characters like red colour peel, moderate sugar: acid blend and above all uniformity in fruit size. It was released in 2012 |
|
Pusa Peetamber |
Pusa Peetamber: It is a hybrid of Amrapali x Lal Sundari), regular in bearing and attractive oblong fruit shape. Due to its oblong shape, it is quite suitable for uniform packaging. The yellow fruit colour at ripening makes it very appealing to the buyers. It meets all the requirements for the domestic as well as international markets. It has 5 to 6 days shelf- life at room temperature after ripening. The plants are semi-vigorous and about 278 plants of this hybrid may be accommodated in a hectare (6 m x 6 m) as against 100 plants of Dushehari (10 m x 10 m). Therefore, it will give higher productivity per unit area. On per plant basis, it yields about 2.0 times higher than Dushehari, which includes ‘On’ and ‘Off’ year fruiting. It has good sugar: acid blend and above all uniformity in fruit size makes this hybrid very important. It was released in 2012 |
|
Pusa Lalima |
Pusa Lalima: It is a hybrid of Dushehari x Sensation, regular in bearing, attractive fruit shape, bright red peel and orange pulp. The red peel colour on yellowish, green background makes it very appealing to the buyers. It has oblong shape and uniform sized fruits. It meets all the requirements for the domestic as well as international markets. It has 5 to 6 days shelf life at room temperature after ripening. The plants are semi-vigorous and about 278 plants of this hybrid may be accommodated in a hectare (6 m x 6 m) as against 100 plants of Dushehari (10 m x 10 m). Therefore, it will give higher productivity per unit area. On per plant basis, it yields about 4.0 times higher than Dushehari, which includes ‘On’ and ‘Off’ year fruiting. It also has a good sugar: acid blend and above all uniformity in fruit size. It was released in 2012 |
|
Sweet Orange |
|
|
Pusa Round |
Pusa Round: It is a promising selection having dense foliage and attractive round fruit. It has uniform bigger sized fruits (268.68 g), high juice (119.00 ml/fruit; 48.26%) and high TSS (10.14%) content with moderate acidity (0.92%). Furthermore, the plants are moderately vigorous and about 400 plants of this selection may be accommodated in a hectare (5 m x 5 m). On per plant basis, it yields about 3.5-fold higher than Jaffa and 2.4-fold higher than Valencia. Therefore, it will give higher productivity per unit area. Its fruits are free from granulation. |
|
Pusa Sharad |
Pusa Sharad: It is a selection having medium vigorous trees, leaves unifoliate, petiole wing absent, more or less plane, thorn present, dense canopy, suitable for planting at a distance of 5 m x 5 m. Average fruit weight 227.56 g, round in shape, juice recovery 50.12%, medium thick peel, higher TSS (9.20%) and moderate acidity (0.77%).It yields 2.6-fold higher than Jaffa and 1.8-fold higher than Valencia. Therefore, it will give higher productivity per unit area. Its fruits are free from granulation. |
|
Acid Lime |
|
|
Pusa Abhinav |
Pusa Abhinav: It is a promising clonal selection having medium vigorous trees, dense foliage, and attractive bright yellow round shaped fruits. It has round the year fruiting with peak harvesting during summer months (March-April and August-September) and is moderately susceptible to citrus canker. It has medium sized fruit (38.15 g) with higher juice content (56.92%) and acidity (7.72%). Round the year fruiting with two season harvesting will make this selection highly suitable for commercial cultivation as well in kitchen garden. |
|
Pusa Udit |
Pusa Udit: It is a clonal selection has dense canopy, heavy yielder, fruits round in shape, medium in size (37.9 g), fruit length (43.9 mm), diameter (39.3 mm), peel thickness (1.1 mm), seeds (8.3/fruit), fruits bright yellow at ripening, juice content (43.3%), TSS (8.5%), acidity (6.9%). It produces round the year crop with peak harvesting from August-September and February-March. It is moderately susceptible to citrus canker. Round the year fruiting with two season harvesting will make this selection highly suitable for commercial cultivation as well in kitchen garden. |
|
Pummelo |
|
|
Pusa Arun |
Pusa Arun : It is India’s first seedless white fleshed pummelo mutant having high juice recovery (41.13%), moderate fruit size (496.95 g), moderate TSS (12%), low acidity (0.39% citric acid with higher fruit yield (45.55 kg/ tree). Ready to harvest in the first week of October, i.e. 15 days earlier than other varieties. Suitable for commercial cultivation under National Capital Territory of Delhi. |
|
Lemon |
|
|
Pusa Lemon 1 |
Pusa Lemon 1: Improved selection for commercial cultivation in NCT of Delhi and NC Regions. Produces fruits twice in a year viz., first crop in June-July and second in December-January. Set seedless fruits while planting as monocrop. Fruits large (60-70 g) and juicy (42%) having high TSS (7-9°B) and medium titratable acidity (5.0-6.5%). Yield is 12-14 t/ha.
|
|
Grape |
|
|
Pusa Seedless |
Pusa Seedless: It is a selection made from Thompson Seedless. It resembles its parent Thompson Seedless with regard to most of the characters but its berries are more elongated. It was recommended for commercial cultivation in 1976. It is highly responsive to GA3 application. The berries have high TSS (22-24%) content.It is suitable for both table purpose and raisin making. |
|
Beauty Seedless |
Beauty Seedless: It was introduced by this Division from California, USA and was evaluated and recommended for commercial cultivation in north India in 1972. The berries ripen by the end of May. The vine is medium in vigour; bunches medium to large, long shouldered and compact with bluish-black coloured, spherical, medium sized berries. It is a prolific bearer but the keeping quality is very low. |
|
Pusa Navrang |
Pusa Navrang: This hybrid is a cross between Madeleine Angevine and Rubired and was released 1996. It is an early ripening (1st week of June), basal bearer and teinturier variety containing red pigment both in peel and pulp. The bunch is loose, medium in size with round and medium sized berries with TSS ranging from 18-20%. It is ideally suited for coloured juice and wine making and is resistant to anthracnose disease. |
|
Pusa Urvashi |
Pusa Urvashi: This hybrid (Hur x Beauty Seedless) was released in 1996. It is early ripening (1st week of June) and a basal bearer. Its bunch is loose and medium in size with seedless greenish-yellow berries. The berry TSS varies from 20 to 22%. It is suitable for table purpose and raisin making. |
|
Pusa Aditi |
Pusa Aditi: It is a hybrid between ‘BanquiAbyad’ x ‘Perlette’.It is early maturing (1st week of June), seedless having large round berry (2.7 g), yellowish-green in colour, firm pulp with good TSS (19.3%). Vine is moderately vigorous, and is a spur pruned variety. It is tolerant to anthracnose and powdery mildew. Grape bunches and berries are GA3 responsive.The fruits are good for table purpose and making juice. The average yield is about 12-15 t/ha. |
|
PusaTrishar |
PusaTrishar: It is a three-way cross hybrid between (‘Hur’ x ‘Bharat Early’) x ‘Beauty Seedless’. It is early maturing, suitable for sub-tropical conditions, semi-vigorous and spur-pruned, having moderate tolerance to anthracnose, powdery mildew and termite. It matures by 10th June. Berries are round (2.15 g), yellowish-green in colour, with good TSS (18.4%) and firm pulp. Grape bunches and berries are GA3 responsive. The fruits are good for table use and juice making purpose. The average yield is about 14-16 t/ha. |
|
Pusa Swarnika |
Pusa Swarnika: It is a hybrid between Hur x Cardinal. It matures early with large berry which are round golden-yellow colour with firm pulp. Berries are very sweet having high TSS (20-22%).It has natural loose bunches with natural bold berries (15+ mm dia.). The clusters are medium big in size. Average bunch size (409 g) and bunch length is 20 cm. The fruits are ready for harvest between 75-80 days after full bloom being early maturing variety. Normally fruit yields from the mature vineyard of 6-8 yr-old may be obtained 6-8 tonnes per hectare on head system. It is tolerant to anthracnose and powdery mildew. It is suitable for table purpose, juice makingand Munakka preparation. |
|
Pusa Purple Seedless |
Pusa Purple Seedless: It is a cross between ‘Pearl of Csaba’ and ‘Beauty Seedless’, raised through embryo rescue. It is an extra-early berry ripening variety (75-80 days after full bloom) under sub-tropical region. Berries are seedless, purple coloured, medium sized, and pulp firm. Berries have good TSS (22%) with excellent TSS: acid ratio in the 3rd week of May. It yields 8.60 kg (5-year-old vine) on Kniffin training system. |
|
Guava |
|
|
PusaSrijan |
PusaSrijan: A complete set of trisomics was identified in the progeny of triploid guava for the first time in fruit crops. It has helped in the development of trisomics and tetrasomics in guava. Out of many promising aneuploids, Aneuploid No.82 was found the best in imparting dwarfness in commercial cv. Allahabad Safeda and released as PusaSrijan in 2004. It is a potentially dwarf rootstock for guava and has been recommended for Allahabad Safeda variety for establishing high density orchard. |
|
Pusa Aarushi
|
Pusa Aarushi:Selected from the crosses of Pant Prabhat × Arka Kiran. The plants have spreading growth habit with oblong green large leaves. Fruits are pink pulped, round in shape, less seeded with small seed core having excellent nutritional and fruit quality traits. Large fruit size (190-240g),high total soluble solids (12.50 to13.6 Brix) and ascorbic acid (156.82-179.23 mg/100 g of pulp), having high antioxidant activity (7.9-8.9 μ Mol Trolox /100g) and total flavonoids (84.53-110.22µMTE/gFW). Yield per ha ranges from 37 to 39 MT/ha under high density planting. |
|
Pusa Pratiksha
|
Pusa Pratiksha: Selected from the cross between Hisar Safeda x Purple Guava. The plants have spreading growth habit with cordate green large leaves and obtuse tip. Fruits are large in size, round in shape, soft seeded, white pulped with small seed core having excellent nutritional and fruit quality traits. Large fruit size (176-190 gram), higher total soluble solids (12.30 to 14.04 ºBrix), ascorbic acid (169.6-211.32 mg/100 g of pulp), titrable acidity (0.45-0.47) and higher yield (40 to 43 t/ha under high density planting at a spacing of 3 m x 3 m). |
|
Papaya |
|
|
PusaNanha |
Pusa Dwarf: This variety is dwarf with oval round fruits of medium size having weight of 1.0 to 1.5 kg. It starts fruiting at a height of 35 cm above the ground level. This variety is ideally suited for high density planting. |
|
|
Pusa Dwarf: This variety is dwarf with oval round fruits of medium size having weight of 1.0 to 1.5 kg. It starts fruiting at a height of 35 cm above the ground level. This variety is ideally suited for high density planting.
|
|
PusaPeet |
Pusa Peet: This variety has Semi-dwarf plant architecture with gynodioecious flowering. Fruit size is small to medium in size (972-1035 g). The fruit yield gain per plant is 51.93% and 16.33% per ha. over check variety PusaNanha. Seed rate was reduced 66% compared to check.Early flowering (71 DAP), light green colour stem and petiole, fruiting zone 107-118 cm.Suitable for high density planting with a spacing of 1.5 x 1.5 m. The total soluble solids 11.0 to 12.1 0Brix, pulp colour yellow, fruit yield 36-41 kg/plant under Delhi conditions.
|
Improved Production Technologies
Following technologies are offered by the Division under consultancy services;
Mango is generally being cultivated at wider spacing (8-10 m) wherein only 100-125 trees could be planted in a hectare of area. Under this system lot of available area/land could not be utilized efficiently which causes a loss of revenue from the available land are results in low productivity. High density orchard is accommodated more than 375- 450 and more trees per hectare. High density plantations are the consequences of continuous decline in the availability of cultivated land, rising energy and land cost together with the mounting demand for horticultural produce. Besides an increased number of trees/ha, a high-density orchard must come into bearing within 2-3 years after planting, through using precocious rootstocks. As tree density increased, profitability increased up to approximately 2500 tress per hectare. The result of medium density plantation is most encouraging in mango. Dwarf and compact trees in high density orchards, not only provide high yield and net economic returns per unit area in the initial years but also facilitate more efficient use of fertilizers, water, plant protection measures, weed control, and easy efficient harvest management practices.
Therefore, this technology was developed for ‘Amrapali’ mango, which is a genetically dwarf variety. The trees are recommended to plant with triangular system at closed spacing (2.5 m x 2.5 m) accommodated 1600 trees per hectare. If possible, orchard should be establishing in-situ. In this system rootstocks should be directly planted in the orchard, which later on grafted in the field itself. This saves the resources and time to establish an orchard. Plants should be pinched initially for two years from the terminal branched to make tree as a bush. After 3-years plants are ready to give the fruiting. In ‘Amrapali’ bearing is profuse, reduces fruit size. Therefore, to encourage the fruit size thinning is mandatory. Good fruit yield is expected from tree age of 7-8 years. Trees after 12 years attain profuse vegetative growth which in turn reduces fruit yield. Therefore, annual regular pruning is required to keep trees well exposed to sunlight as well ventilation.
Nutritional management in the orchard is the essential part to sustain the productivity with higher returns. Therefore, apply annually in each basin of the tree @ 20-25 kg well rotten farm yard manure, 2.17 kg urea, 3.12 kg single super phosphate and 2.10 kg potassium sulphate after 10th years of plant growth. In the initial years i.e., in 1st year apply 20 kg well rotten farm yard manure, 217 g urea, 312 g single super phosphate and 210 g potassium sulphate. Farm yard manure and phosphorus should be applied during month of October. Half dose of urea and potassium sulphate is given in October and remaining half just after harvesting of fruits (June-July). To supplement the deficiency of zinc and manganese, 2% zinc sulphate along and 1% lime should be applied during March-April, June and September and 0.5% manganese sulphate by foliar spray. Application of borax @ 250-500 g per tree helps to improve fruit quality. In case of boron deficiency spray with 0.6 % solution of borax three time at 10 days interval during April-May.Irrigation should be properly given at critical stages. Drip irrigation is found highly efficient and improves the yield as well fruit quality.
Table 1. Management of Insect Pests and Diseases
|
Insect/ pest/ disease |
Control measures |
|
Powdery mildew |
Apply 200-300 mesh wettablesulphur (500 g/tree), 2-3 spray of Dinocap (1 ml/litre water) during January-February at 15-day interval twice. |
|
Anthracnose |
Spray Boudreaux mixture (5:5:50) and copper oxychloride (3 g/litre water) during January to June-July. First two spray at weekly interval and later at 15 days interval. |
|
Dieback |
Spray Boudreaux mixture (5:5:50) and copper oxychloride (3 g /litre water) after cutting infested twigs. |
|
Sooty mould |
Use insecticide Elosal (2 g/litre water). Later 1-2 spray with copper oxychloride (3 g/litre water). 2-3 spray at 15 days interval is beneficial. |
|
Black tip |
Three spray with caustic soda (6-8 g/1000 litre water) at flowering, flowering and fruit set. |
|
Mango hopper |
Use imidacloprid (3 ml/ 10 litre water), or thiomethaxome (3 g/ 10 litre water) at 15 days interval |
|
Mealy bug |
Use chloropyriphos (1.5%) (250 g /tree) in December after ploughing near tree. Cover tree trunk with polythene 20-50 cm above ground. Carbosulfan(2.0 ml/litre). |
|
Shoot borer |
Remove infested twigs and destroy. Plug the holes in stem with insecticides. |
|
Fruit fly |
Spinosad (0.4 ml/litre) |
The comparative advantage of high density over traditional system is given in below table.
Table 2. Comparative details of high density over traditional system in mango
|
Particular |
Traditional system |
High density planting |
|
Spacing (m) |
10 x 10 |
2.5 m x 2.5 m |
|
No. of plants/ha |
100 |
1600 |
|
Cost of establishing orchards |
Rs. 35,000 |
Rs. 75,000 |
|
Annual maintenance cost |
Rs. 25,000 |
Rs. 40,000 |
|
Age of stable yield |
8 to 10 years |
7 to 8 years |
|
Production (kg/ha) |
6,000 to 8,000 |
16,000 to 19,000 |
|
Sale of produce (whole sale) @ Rs. 9.0 per kg |
Rs. 54,000 to 72,000 |
Rs. 1,44,000 to 1,71,000 |
|
Net Return |
Rs. 29,000 to 47,000 |
Rs. 1,00,000 to Rs 1,30,000 |
It is a very potential and highly remunerative fruit crop. Vigorous rootstock like Jattikhatti and Rough lemon are very common for Kinnow cultivation under traditional system. However, Troyer citrange rootstock offers dwarfing statute to Kinnow. Therefore, high density orcharding is also possible using Troyer citrange rootstocks at closure planting (1.8 x 1.8 m) accommodates 3,086 trees/ha.
Kinnow is heavy feeder crop requires nutrients at appropriate stages. These nutrients should be applied judiciously in the orchard after getting the soil and leaf nutrient report. The standard doses of nutrient recommended for mature Kinnow (7 year onwards) as follows:
Table 3. Recommended doses of manure and fertilizers
|
Manure/ fertilizer |
Time of application |
Age of the tree (years) |
||||||
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7-15 |
||
|
Organic manure |
Dec.-Jan. |
0 |
5 kg |
10 kg |
15 kg |
20 kg |
30 kg |
60 kg |
|
Urea |
March-April |
100 |
150 |
200 |
250 |
300 |
400 |
550 |
|
|
July |
100 |
150 |
200 |
250 |
300 |
400 |
550 |
|
|
Sept.-Oct. |
100 |
150 |
200 |
250 |
300 |
400 |
550 |
|
SSP |
March-April |
100 |
200 |
300 |
400 |
500 |
800 |
950 |
|
|
July |
100 |
200 |
300 |
400 |
500 |
800 |
950 |
|
|
Sept.-Oct. |
100 |
200 |
300 |
400 |
500 |
800 |
950 |
|
Potassium sulphate |
March-April |
50 |
100 |
150 |
200 |
250 |
350 |
400 |
|
|
July |
50 |
100 |
150 |
200 |
250 |
350 |
400 |
|
|
Sept.-Oct. |
50 |
100 |
150 |
200 |
250 |
350 |
400 |
|
Lime (hydrated) |
Feb. (1 time 2-3 yrs) |
0 |
0 |
1 kg |
0 |
3 kg |
0 |
5 kg |
Kinnow is shallow rooted crop. Therefore, it requires frequent irrigation particular at critical growth stages. Period of fruit growth and development are very crucial which requires assured irrigation. For good crop irrigation should be applied in summers at 10-12 days interval and in winters at 25-30 days. Stop irrigation one month before flowering to assure good crop.
Plant Protection Measures
Table 4.Management of Insect Pests and Diseases
|
Insect/ pest/ disease |
Control measures |
|
Pysilla |
Spray Spinosad (0.04%); thiamethaxame (0.3 ml/litre) |
|
Leaf minor |
Spray imidacloprid (0.35 ml/litre water) |
|
Mite |
Diathanefurone (1 g/lire) |
|
Aphid |
Spray imidacloprid (0.3 ml/litre water) or phorate 10 G. |
|
Mealy bug |
Verticilliumlecainifungas; Spray carbosulfan (0.2 ml/litre) |
|
Citrus butterfly |
Spray imidachloprid (0.3 ml/litre). |
|
Tristeza |
Use resistant rootstocks like Cleopatra Mandarin, Rangpur Lime, Trifoliate Orange, and Troyer Citrange. Use insecticide to control aphid. |
|
Xyloporosis |
Use disease free planting material |
|
Phytopthora root rot |
Good drainage system. Use tolerant rootstocks like Citrus volkameriana, Troyer, Sour orange, Trifoliate orange, etc. |
|
Powdery mildew |
Spray sulphur dust (1 kg/200 litre water). Or spray Dinocap at 10 days interval.; karathane, propiconazole, hexaconazole |
|
Scab |
Remove infected twigs. Spray Blitox (0.3 %). |
|
Canker |
Remove infected twigs. Spray copper oxychloride (0.3%) or Boudreaux mixture (1%) and Streptocyclinsulphate (10 mg/litre) water. |
Table 5. The comparative advantage of high density over traditional system in Kinnow
|
Particulars |
Traditional system |
High density |
|
Spacing |
6 m x 6 m |
1.8 m x 1.8 m |
|
No. of plants/ha |
278 |
3,086 |
|
Cost of establishing orchards |
Rs. 35,000 |
Rs. 75,000 |
|
Annual expenditure (Rs.) |
Rs. 25,000 |
Rs. 50,000 |
|
Age of stable yield |
5 year |
4 year |
|
Production (kg/ha/year) |
10,000 to 12,000 |
22,000 to 25,000 |
|
Sale of produce (whole sale) @ Rs. 9 per kg |
Rs. 90,000 to 1,08,000 |
Rs. 1,98,000 to 2,25,000 |
|
Net Return |
Rs. 65,000 to 80,000 |
Rs. 1,48,000 to 1,75,000 |
iii) Guava
In recent past, guava becomes a remunerative fruit crop due to nutritional awareness and its use for processing. High density orcharding for guava has been developed through use of dwarfing rootstocks, methods of planting, in combination with judicious training and pruning. Indian Agricultural Research Institute has developed a dwarfing rootstock ‘Pusa Srijan’. Grafting of ‘Allahabad Safeda’ on ‘PusaSrijan’ rootstocks gave a dwarfing stature facilitating closure planting. This reduces about 50% of the tree vigour of ‘Allahabad Safeda’. In the conventional system of planting trees generally plated at wider spacing (6 m x 6 m) accommodates 278 trees/ha. Whereas, on PusaSrijan these can be planted at much closure spacing (3 x 3 m) accommodated more than three time trees (1,111) per hectare. When trees attain the full canopy, needs regular annual pruning to facilitate proper sunlight penetration as well as air ventilation. This planting system good for getting higher yield per unit area.
High density is not possible without application of manures, fertilizers and irrigation at critical stages. Therefore, it should be given priority to supplement the depleted nutrients from the soil through application of required nutrients. The detail of recommended manure and fertilizers are given in the below table.
Table 6: Recommended doses of manure and fertilizers
|
Age of tree (yr) |
FYM(kg) |
Urea(g) |
Super phosphate(g) |
Potassium sulphate (g) |
|
1-2 |
15 |
110 |
150 |
100 |
|
3 |
20 |
220 |
300 |
200 |
|
4 |
30 |
325 |
450 |
300 |
|
5 |
40 |
435 |
625 |
400 |
|
6 |
50 |
545 |
775 |
500 |
|
More than 6 |
60 |
650 |
935 |
600 |
Table 7. Management of pests and diseases
|
Insectpest/ disease |
Control measures |
|
Wilt |
Maintain proper soil drainage. Remove infected parts and burn. Apply Bavistin (15 g) at the basin of each plant after pruning in the month of March, June and September. Apply balance nutrients especially nitrogen should be applied and resistant varieties should be grown. |
|
Anthracnose |
Remove infected plant parts. 4-5 spray of Phytolan (2-3 g 50% /litre water) at 10 days interval. |
|
Fruit fly |
Spray Rogor (2 ml/l) when fruit surface change colour followed by spray neem oil (0.2%) at 15 day interval for rainy season crop. |
Table 8. The comparative advantage of high density over traditional system in guava
|
Particulars |
Traditional system |
High density |
|
Rootstock |
Allahabad Safeda |
PusaSrijan |
|
Spacing |
6 m x 6 m |
3 m x 3 m |
|
No. of plants/ha |
278 |
1,111 |
|
Cost of establishing orchards and maintenance |
Rs. 35,000 |
Rs. 50,000 |
|
Annual expenditure (Rs.) |
Rs. 20,000 |
Rs. 40,000 |
|
Age of stable yield (year) |
5 |
4 |
|
Production (kg/ha/year) |
8,000 to 12,000 |
16,000 to 18,000 |
|
Sale of produce (whole sale) @ Rs. 8 per kg |
64,000 to 96,000 |
128,000 to 1,44,000 |
|
Net return (Rs.) |
56,000 to 84,000 |
1,12,000 to 1,26,000 |
Development of dwarf varieties in papaya given an opportunity to grow them at very closure spacing. In past, non-availability of such cultivars forced to papaya growers to grow them at wider spacing, which causes a loss of available land for unfruitful purpose. These were generally being planted at wider spacing (2.4 m x 2.4 m) as compared to closure planting (1.25 m x 1.25 m) using dwarf varieties like ‘PusaNanha’. This variety was developed by Indian Agricultural Research Institute and catering the needs of growers by supplying true-to-type seeds. Generally, plants start bearing just 30 cm above from the ground surface and total length of tree reached not more than 1.5 m from ground. Therefore, these are generally recommended to plant at 1.25 m x 1.25 m accommodated 6400 plants per hectare. Another variety ‘Pusa Dwarf’ is also developed by this Institute. This variety is also dwarf in statute and but little vigorous over ‘PusaNanha’. This is planted at 1.5 m x 1.5 m spacing accommodates 4444 plants per hectare.
Papaya starts early bearing. Therefore, it requires fertile soil and good quality water. Apply 20 kg well rotten farm yard manure before 20 days of planting in the pit. It requires 250 g nitrogen, 300 g phosphorus and 400 g potash. This is giving equally in 6-split doses at 2-months interval. For second year crop, 20 kg additional FYM, 1.0 kg bone meal and 1.0 kg neem cake should be applied. Irrigation should be given twice in a week in summer from April-June and during winter at 15 days interval.
Table 9. Management of insect pests and diseases
|
Insect/ pest/ disease |
Control measures |
|
Stem and root rot |
Maintain proper drainage and uproot infected plants. Apply carbendazim (2 g/litre water) in near root and stem. Use of Trichoderma is also beneficial to control Pythium and Phytopthora. |
|
Damping-off |
Treat seed bed before sowing with formaldehyde (2.5 %). Seed treatment with carbendazim (2g/kg seed). |
|
Leaf curl virus |
Control white fly with application of Imidacloprid (3 ml /10 litre water) at 15 days interval. Remove infected plants. Avoid planting of chilli, tomato, tobacco in papaya orchard. |
|
Papaya ring spot virus |
Control aphid with spray of imidacloprid (3 ml/10 litre of water) |
Table 10. The comparative advantage of high density over traditional system in papaya
|
Particular |
Traditional system |
High density |
|
Spacing (m) |
2.4 m x 2.4 m |
1.25 m x 1.25 m |
|
No. of plants/ha |
1,736 |
6,400 |
|
Cost of establishing orchards (Rs.) |
Rs. 40,000 |
Rs. 75,000 |
|
Annual Expenditure (Rs.) |
Rs. 25,000 |
Rs. 50,000 |
|
Age of stable yield |
2 years |
2 years |
|
Production (kg/ha/year) |
45,000 to 50,000 |
80,000 to 90,000 |
|
Sale of produce (whole sale) @ Rs. 5 per kg |
Rs. 2,25,000 to Rs 2,50,000 |
Rs. 4,00,000 to Rs. 4,50,000 |
|
Net Return |
Rs. 1,60,000 to Rs. 1,85,000 |
Rs. 2,75,000 to Rs. 3,25,000 |
Application of PGR and de-blossoming
Mango malformation is a serious threat to mango cultivation in many sub-tropical areas in the world. It is now well established that Fusarium mangiferae causes the
symptoms of mango malformation. Productivity in malformed mango trees can be improved by a single spray of NAA (200 ppm) in the first week of October followed by de-blossoming once at the bud burst stage during January. It has become the most widely accepted control measure for floral malformation.
To solve the problem of alternate bearing in mango, the use of paclobutrazol (CultarPP 333) was recommended for the first time in India. Application of paclobutrazol (PP 333) @ 22.5 ml/10 l of water at pea stage of mango fruit was found to induce new shoot growth in 65% of the fruited shoots which accounted for fruiting in the next season. This treatment was found to be the most effective in Langra, which is considered to be a highly alternate bearer.
The marginal chlorosis is caused by Chloride toxicity due to use of MOP. Spray of 0.5% K2SO4 is advised to reduce leaf scorch in mango.
Causes attributed to the problem of fruit drop in mango, like lack of self- pollination, low stigmatic receptivity, and defective perfect flowers, poor pollen formation, presence of self-incompatibility, lack of moisture and incidence of pests and diseases etc. are some of the intensive works carried out in the Division. Application of 2,4-D (10 ppm) holds good for controlling pre-harvest drop in most of the mango cultivars.
Pre-harvest fruit drop is a serious problem in different citrus species. Among the various growth regulators, 2,4-D was found to be the most effective in checking fruit drop. Thus, the recommendations for application of 2,4-D (8, 15, 20 ppm) for Valencia, Mosambi and Jaffa cultivars, respectively during October got accepted commercially.
It is a serious physiological disorder of citrus in north India. It is highly pronounced in Mosambi sweet orange followed by mandarins. Studies indicated that the respiration rate in the affected fruits increased by 7-15% while disease and pectin esterase activities decreased, which led to reduction in sugar and increase in polysaccharides. It is recommended that the incidence of granulation can be minimized by the application 2-3 sprays of NAA (300 ppm) and GA (50 ppm) during August to October.
Application of 250 mg/l paclobutrazol alone as soil drenching and/or in combination with foliar application of putrescine (50 ppm) could reduce the negative effect of NaCl stress on citrus rootstocks.
Pruning intensity has been standardized using bud dissection technique for early maturing grape varieties like 4-6 nodes (Perlette, Beauty Seedless, Cardinal, Delight, Pusa Urvashi, PusaNavrang, Pusa Aditi), 8 nodes (Anab-e-Shahi), and 10-14 nodes (Pusa Seedless).
Application of Dormex (49% aqueous solution of hydrogen cynamide)
@ 1.5% a.i. on dormant buds in the beginning of January or thiourea (4.0-5.0%) immediately after pruning hastened the bud burst by about one month and ripening by 16,12 and 9 days in Pusa Seedless, Beauty Seedless and Perlette, respectively.
For improving quality of grape, the application of GA3 has been standardized.
Application of GA3 40 ppm at full bloom for Pusa Seedless; GA3 45 ppm at full bloom for Beauty Seedless; 30 ppm at 50% bloom for Perlette are the most accepted recommendations by the north Indian grape growers. Application of GA3 (40 ppm) at 50% bloom and three week later has been found better for Pusa Urvashi, Pusa Aditi and PusaTrishar.
Trunk girdling at 15 cm height on trunk from ground about one month before ripening and followed by spray of 250-400 ppm ethrel at Veraison stage improved the berry quality in Pusa Urvashi. Water berrydisorder in Perlette can be minimized by application of 20-30 kg/ha borax in soil or 0.5% sprays of boric acid. To improve berry quality, application of 0.2% ZnSO4, 0.2% boric acid and 0.5% K2SO4 hasbeen suggested.
For higher yield, Karna khatta and for dwarfing effect and quality, Cleopatra mandarin were recommended for sweet orange cv. Mosambi under Delhi conditions. Troyer citrange, Karna Khatta and Soh Sarkar rootstocks were found as suitable rootstocks for Kinnow under Delhi conditions. These rootstocks staggered the fruit maturity thus reducing the market glut.Rootstocks sour orange, Attani-2, and RLC-6 werefound to be tolerant to NaCl stress. Among these rootstocks, Attani-2 and sour orange were found to be Cl- excluder, while Troyer Citrange was found to be Na+ excluder at moderate salinity levels. Hence, these could be utilized for commercial cultivation of citrus under mild saline environment.
Bottom Head Technique: It is a simple technique, devised at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi for facilitating rooting of stem cuttings of difficult to root species through bottom heat. The device employed consists of a double tin container, the outer one being 70 cm in height and 46 cm in diameter and an inner jacket having a height of 68 cm and a diameter of 44 cm. The space between inner jacket and cutter container is packed with glass wool for heat insulation. Another container which fits into the inner jacket (also constructed from the same material measuring 35 cm in height) and having two electric bulbs of 40 watt each at the bottom end in between the vacant space of the two containers, is fitted. This container is then filled with the rooting media (1-part sand: 1-part grit) and the non-leafy hardwood cuttings are planted in it. The temperature is maintained at about 300C through a thermostat which controls the heating bulbs. The cuttings root in about a month and the success is as high as 76 per cent. More than 85.8 per cent rooting can be achieved at 350C basal temperature when combined with wounding and treatment with 5,000 ppm IBA. Rooting was the highest when lower concentration of IBA was applied through base the side.
----------xxxxx----------
